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Physics of the interstellar and intergalactic medium / Bruce T. Draine.
Author
Draine, Bruce T., 1947-
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Book
Language
English
Published/Created
Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, ©2011.
©2011
Description
xviii, 540 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 25 cm.
Availability
Available Online
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Firestone Library - Faculty Publications
QB790 .D73 2011
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Details
Subject(s)
Interstellar matter
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Galaxies
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Astrophysics
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Series
Princeton series in astrophysics
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Summary note
This is a comprehensive and richly illustrated textbook on the astrophysics of the interstellar and intergalactic medium--the gas and dust, as well as the electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, and magnetic and gravitational fields, present between the stars in a galaxy and also between galaxies themselves. Topics include radiative processes across the electromagnetic spectrum; radiative transfer; ionization; heating and cooling; astrochemistry; interstellar dust; fluid dynamics, including ionization fronts and shock waves; cosmic rays; distribution and evolution of the interstellar medium; and star formation. While it is assumed that the reader has a background in undergraduate-level physics, including some prior exposure to atomic and molecular physics, statistical mechanics, and electromagnetism, the first six chapters of the book include a review of the basic physics that is used in later chapters. This graduate-level textbook includes references for further reading, and serves as an invaluable resource for working astrophysicists. Essential textbook on the physics of the interstellar and intergalactic medium Based on a course taught by the author for more than twenty years at Princeton University Covers radiative processes, fluid dynamics, cosmic rays, astrochemistry, interstellar dust, and more Discusses the physical state and distribution of the ionized, atomic, and molecular phases of the interstellar medium Reviews diagnostics using emission and absorption lines Features color illustrations and detailed reference materials in appendices Instructor's manual with problems and solutions (available only to teachers).
Bibliographic references
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents
Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction
1.1. Organization of the ISM: Characteristic Phases
1.2. Elemental Composition
1.3. Energy Densities
2. Collisional Processes
2.1. Collisional Rate Coefficients
2.2. Inverse-Square Law Forces: Elastic Scattering
2.3. Electron-Ion Inelastic Scattering: Collision Strength & omega;ul
2.4. Ion-Neutral Collision Rates
2.5. Electron-Neutral Collision Rates
2.6. Neutral-Neutral Collision Rates
3. Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
3.1. Partition Functions
3.2. Detailed Balance: The Law of Mass Action
3.3. Ionization and Recombination
3.4. Saha Equation
3.5. Detailed Balance: Ratios of Rate Coefficients
3.6. Detailed Balance: Ratios of Cross Sections
3.7. Example: Three-Body Recombination
3.8. Departure Coefficients
4. Energy Levels of Atoms and Ions
4.1. Single-Electron Orbitals
4.2. Configurations
4.3. Spectroscopic Terms
4.4. Fine Structure: Spin-Orbit Interaction.
Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1(10) 1.1 Organization of the ISM: Characteristic Phases 4(5) 1.2 Elemental Composition 9(1) 1.3 Energy Densities 9(2) 2 Collisional Processes 11(11) 2.1 Collisional Rate Coefficients 11(1) 2.2 Inverse-Square Law Forces: Elastic Scattering 12(5) 2.3 Electron-Ion Inelastic Scattering: Collision Strength ωul 17(1) 2.4 Ion-Neutral Collision Rates 17(3) 2.5 Electron-Neutral Collision Rates 20(1) 2.6 Neutral-Neutral Collision Rates 21(1) 3 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 22(10) 3.1 Partition Functions 22(1) 3.2 Detailed Balance: The Law of Mass Action 23(1) 3.3 Ionization and Recombination 24(1) 3.4 Saha Equation 25(1) 3.5 Detailed Balance: Ratios of Rate Coefficients 26(1) 3.6 Detailed Balance: Ratios of Cross Sections 26(2) 3.7 Example: Three-Body Recombination 28(2) 3.8 Departure Coefficients 30(2) 4 Energy Levels of Atoms and Ions 32(6) 4.1 Single-Electron Orbitals 32(1) 4.2 Configurations 32(1) 4.3 Spectroscopic Terms 33(1) 4.4 Fine Structure: Spin-Orbit Interaction 34(1) 4.5 Designation of Energy Levels for Atoms and Ions: Spectroscopic Notation 34(2) 4.6 Hyperfine Structure: Interaction with Nuclear Spin 36(1) 4.7 Zeeman Effect 37(1) 4.8 Further Reading 37(1) 5 Energy Levels of Molecules 38(15) 5.1 Diatomic Molecules 38(9) 5.2 Energy Levels of Nonlinear Molecules 47(4) 5.3 Zeeman Splitting 51(1) 5.4 Further Reading 52(1) 6 Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Absorption 53(10) 6.1 Emission and Absorption of Photons 53(2) 6.2 Absorption Cross Section 55(1) 6.3 Oscillator Strength 56(1) 6.4 Intrinsic Line Profile 57(1) 6.5 Doppler Broadening: The Voigt Line Profile 58(1) 6.6 Transition from Doppler Core to Damping Wings 59(1) 6.7 Selection Rules for Radiative Transitions 60(3) 7 Radiative Transfer 63(7) 7.1 Physical Quantities 63(2) 7.2 Equation of Radiative Transfer 65(1) 7.3 Emission and Absorption Coefficients 66(1) 7.4 Integration of the Equation of Radiative Transfer 66(2) 7.5 Maser Lines 68(2) 8 HI 21-cm Emission and Absorption 70(5) 8.1 HI Emissivity and Absorption Coefficient 70(2) 8.2 Optically Thin Cloud 72(1) 8.3 Spin Temperature Determination Using Background Radio Sources 73(2) 9 Absorption Lines: The Curve of Growth 75(17) 9.1 Absorption Lines 75(2) 9.2 Optically Thin Absorption, τ0 <1 77(1) 9.3 Flat Portion of the Curve of Growth, 10 <τ0 <τdamp 77(2) 9.4 Damped Portion of the Curve of Growth, τ0> τdamp 79(2) 9.5 Approximation Formulae for W 81(1) 9.6 Doublet Ratio 81(2) 9.7 Lyman Series of Hydrogen: Ly α, Ly β, Ly γ 83(1) 9.8 Lyman Limit 84(1) 9.9 H2: Lyman and Werner Bands 85(1) 9.10 "Metal" Lines 86(4) 9.11 Abundances in HI Gas 90(2).
4.5. Designation of Energy Levels for Atoms and Ions: Spectroscopic Notation
4.6. Hyperfine Structure: Interaction with Nuclear Spin
4.7. Zeeman Effect
4.8. Further Reading
5. Energy Levels of Molecules
5.1. Diatomic Molecules
5.2. Energy Levels of Nonlinear Molecules
5.3. Zeeman Splitting
5.4. Further Reading
6. Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Absorption
6.1. Emission and Absorption of Photons
6.2. Absorption Cross Section
6.3. Oscillator Strength
6.4. Intrinsic Line Profile
6.5. Doppler Broadening: The Voigt Line Profile
6.6. Transition from Doppler Core to Damping Wings
6.7. Selection Rules for Radiative Transitions
7. Radiative Transfer
7.1. Physical Quantities
7.2. Equation of Radiative Transfer
7.3. Emission and Absorption Coefficients
7.4. Integration of the Equation of Radiative Transfer
7.5. Maser Lines
8. HI 21-cm Emission and Absorption
8.1. HI Emissivity and Absorption Coefficient
8.2. Optically Thin Cloud
8.3. Spin Temperature Determination Using Background Radio Sources.
9. Absorption Lines: The Curve of Growth
9.1. Absorption Lines
9.2. Optically Thin Absorption, & tau;0 <1
9.3. Flat Portion of the Curve of Growth, 10 <& tau;0 <& tau;damp
9.4. Damped Portion of the Curve of Growth, & tau;0> & tau;damp
9.5. Approximation Formulae for W
9.6. Doublet Ratio
9.7. Lyman Series of Hydrogen: Ly & alpha;, Ly & beta;, Ly & gamma;
9.8. Lyman Limit
9.9. H2: Lyman and Werner Bands
9.10. "Metal" Lines
9.11. Abundances in HI Gas
10. Emission and Absorption by a Thermal Plasma
10.1. Free-Free Emission (Bremsstrahlung)
10.2. Gaunt Factor
10.3. Frequency-Averaged Gaunt Factor
10.4. Free-Free Absorption
10.5. Emission Measure
10.6. Free-Bound Transitions: Recombination Continuum
10.7. Radio Recombination Lines
11. Propagation of Radio Waves through the ISM
11.1. Dispersion Relation for Cold Plasmas
11.2. Dispersion
11.3. Faraday Rotation
11.4. Refraction
11.5. Scintillation
11.6. Interstellar Electron Density Power Spectrum
11.7. Extreme Scattering Events.
12. Interstellar Radiation Fields
12.1. Galactic Synchrotron Radiation
12.2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
12.3. Free-Free Emission and Recombination Continuum
12.4. Infrared Emission from Dust
12.5. Starlight in an HI Region
12.6. X Rays from Hot Plasma
12.7. Radiation Field in a Photodissociation Region near a Hot Star
13. Ionization Processes
13.1. Photoionization
13.2. Auger Ionization and X-Ray Fluorescence
13.3. Secondary Ionizations
13.4. Collisional Ionization
13.5. Cosmic Ray Ionization
14. Recombination of Ions with Electrons
14.1. Radiative Recombination
14.2. Radiative Recombination of Hydrogen
14.3. Radiative Recombination: Helium
14.4. Radiative Recombination: Heavy Elements
14.5. Dielectronic Recombination
14.6. Dissociative Recombination
14.7. Charge Exchange
14.8. Ion Neutralization by Dust Grains
14.9. Ionization Balance in Collisionally Ionized Gas
15. Photoionized Gas
15.1. H II Regions as Stromgren Spheres
15.2. Time Scales.
15.3. Neutral Fraction within an H II Region
15.4. Dusty H II Regions with Radiation Pressure
15.5. Ionization of Helium and Other Elements
15.6. Planetary Nebulae
15.7. Escape of Lyman & alpha;
15.8. Ionization by Power-Law Spectra
16. Ionization in Predominantly Neutral Regions
16.1. H I Regions: Ionization of Metals
16.2. Cool H I Regions: Ionization of Hydrogen
16.3. Warm H I Regions
16.4. Diffuse Molecular Gas
16.5. Dense Molecular Gas: Dark Clouds
17. Collisional Excitation
17.1. Two-Level Atom
17.2. Critical Density nerit, u
17.3. Example: HI Spin Temperature
17.4. Example: CII Fine Structure Excitation
17.5. Three-Level Atom
17.6. Example: Fine Structure Excitation of CI and OI
17.7. Measurement of Density and Pressure Using CI
18. Nebular Diagnostics
18.1. Temperature Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines
18.2. Density Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines
18.3. Density Diagnostics: Fine-Structure Emission Lines
18.4. Other Diagnostic Methods.
18.5. Abundance Determination from Collisionally Excited Lines
18.6. Abundances from Optical Recombination Lines
18.7. Ionization/Excitation Diagnostics: The BPT Diagram
19. Radiative Trapping
19.1. Escape Probability Approximation
19.2. Homogeneous Static Spherical Cloud
19.3. Example: CO J =I-O
19.4. LVG Approximation: Hubble Flow
19.5. Escape Probability for Turbulent Clouds
19.6. CO I-O Emission as a Tracer of H2 Mass: CO "X-Factor"
20. Optical Pumping
20.1. UV Pumping by Continuum
20.2. Infrared Pumping: OH
20.3. UV Pumping by Line Coincidence: Bowen Fluorescence
21. Interstellar Dust: Observed Properties
21.1. Interstellar Extinction
21.2. Parametric Fits to the Extinction Curve
21.3. Polarization by Interstellar Dust
21.4. Scattering of Starlight by Interstellar Dust
21.5. Size Distribution of Interstellar Dust
21.6. Purcell Limit: Lower Limit on Dust Volume
21.7. Infrared Emission
21.8. Luminescence
22. Scattering and Absorption by Small Particles
22.1. Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors.
22.2. Dielectric Function and Refractive Index
22.3. Electric Dipole Limit: Size <& lambda;
22.4. Limiting Behavior at Long Wavelengths
22.5. Sizes Comparable to Wavelength: Mie Theory
22.6. Nonspherical Particles
22.7. Interstellar Grains
23. Composition of Interstellar Dust
23.1. Abundance Constraints
23.2. Presolar Grains in Meteorites
23.3. Observed Spectral Features of Dust
23.4. Silicates
23.5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
23.6. Graphite
23.7. Diamond
23.8. Amorphous Carbons, Including Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon
23.9. Fullerenes
23.10. Models for Interstellar Dust
24. Temperatures of Interstellar Grains
24.1. Heating and Cooling of "Classical" Dust Grains
24.2. Heating and Cooling of Ultrasmall Dust Grains: Temperature Spikes
24.3. Infrared Emission from Grains
24.4. Collisionally Heated Dust
25. Grain Physics: Charging and Sputtering
25.1. Collisional Charging
25.2. Photoelectric Emission
25.3. Grain Charging in the Diffuse ISM
25.4. Secondary Electron Emission.
25.5. Electron Field Emission
25.6. Ion Field Emission and Coulomb Explosions
25.7. Sputtering in Hot Gas
26. Grain Dynamics
26.1. Translational Motion
26.2. Rotational Motion
26.3. Alignment of Interstellar Dust
27. Heating and Cooling of H II Regions
27.1. Heating by Photoionization
27.2. Other Heating Processes
27.3. Cooling Processes
27.4. Thermal Equilibrium
27.5. Emission Spectrum of an H II Region
27.6. Observed Temperatures in H II Regions
28. The Orion H II Region
28.1. Trapezium Stars
28.2. Distribution of Ionized Gas
28.3. Orion Bar
28.4. Gas Kinematics
28.5. PIGS, Proplyds, and Shadows
29. H I Clouds: Observations
29.1. 21-cm Line Observations
29.2. Distribution of the H I
29.3. Zeeman Effect
29.4. Optical and UV Absorption Line Studies
29.5. Infrared Emission
30. H I Clouds: Heating and Cooling
30.1. Heating: Starlight, Cosmic Rays, X Rays, and MHD Waves
30.2. Photoelectric Heating by Dust
30.3. Cooling: [C II] 158 & mu;m, [OI] 63 & mu;m, and Other Lines.
30.4. Two "Phases" for HI in the ISM
30.5. Emission Spectrum of an HI Cloud
31. Molecular Hydrogen
31.1. Gas-Phase Formation of H2
31.2. Grain Catalysis of H2
31.3. Photodissociation of H2
31.4. Self-Shielding
31.5. Excitation of Vibration and Rotation by UV Pumping
31.6. Rotational Level Populations
31.7. Structure of a Photodissociation Region
31.8. Dense PDRs
32. Molecular Clouds: Observations
32.1. Taxonomy and Astronomy
32.2. Star Counts
32.3. Molecular Radio Lines
32.4. FIR Emission from Dust
32.5. & gamma; rays
32.6. Compact, Ultracompact, and Hypercompact HII Regions
32.7. IR Point Sources
32.8. Masers
32.9. Size-Linewidth Relation in Molecular Clouds.
Note continued: 32.10. Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds
32.11. Energy Dissipation in Molecular Clouds
33. Molecular Clouds: Chemistry and Ionization
33.1. Photoionization and Photodissociation of Molecules
33.2. Ion-Molecule Chemistry in Cold Gas
33.3. The CH+ Problem
34. Physical Processes in Hot Gas
34.1. Radiative Cooling
34.2. Radiative Cooling Time
34.3. Thermal Conduction
34.4. Cloud Evaporation in Hot Gas
34.5. Conduction Fronts
35. Fluid Dynamics
35.1. Mass Conservation
35.2. Conservation of Momentum: MHD Navier-Stokes Equation
35.3. Heating and Cooling
35.4. Electrodynamics in a Conducting Fluid: Flux-Freezing
35.5. Virial Theorem
36. Shock Waves
36.1. Sources of Interstellar Shocks
36.2. Jump Conditions: Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
36.3. Cooling Time and Cooling Length
36.4. Collisionless Shocks.
36.5. Electron Temperature
36.6. Two-Fluid MHD Shocks in Low Fractional Ionization Gas
37. Ionization/Dissociation Fronts
37.1. Ionization Fronts: R-Type and D-Type
37.2. Expansion of an HII Region in a Uniform Medium
37.3. Photodissociation Fronts
38. Stellar Winds
38.1. Winds from Hot Stars: Stellar Wind Bubbles
38.2. Winds from Cool Stars
38.3. Stellar Wind Bow-Shock
39. Effects of Supernovae on the ISM
39.1. Evolution of a Supernova Remnant in a Uniform ISM
39.2. Overlapping of SNRs
39.3. Supernova Remnants in an Inhomogeneous Medium
39.4. Three-Phase Model of the ISM
40. Cosmic Rays and Gamma Rays
40.1. Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum and Composition
40.2. Theory of Diffusive Shock Acceleration
40.3. Injection Problem
40.4. Upper Limits on Cosmic Ray Energy
40.5. Cosmic Ray Propagation
40.6. Synchrotron Emission and Supernova Remnants
40.7. Gamma Ray Emission from Interstellar Clouds.
40.8. 26 Al in the ISM
40.9. Positrons and Positronium in the ISM
41. Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation: Theory
41.1. Gravitational Instability: Jeans Instability
41.2. Parker Instability
41.3. Insights from the Virial Theorem
41.4. Magnetic Flux Problem: Ambipolar Diffusion
41.5. Angular Momentum Problem
41.6. Accretion Disks
41.7. Radiation Pressure
42. Star Formation: Observations
42.1. Collapse of Cores to form Stars
42.2. Class 0, I, II, and III Protostars
42.3. Initial Mass Function
42.4. Star Formation Rates
42.5. Schrnidt-Kennicutt Law
Appendices
A. List of Symbols
B. Physical Constants
C. Summary of Radiative Processes
D. Ionization Potentials (eV)
E. Energy-Level Diagrams
F. Collisional Rate Coefficients
G. Semiclassical Atom
H. Debye Length for a Plasma
I. Heuristic Model for Ion-Electron Inelastic Scattering
J. Virial Theorem.
10 Emission and Absorption by a Thermal Plasma 92(9) 10.1 Free-Free Emission (Bremsstrahlung) 92(1) 10.2 Gaunt Factor 93(2) 10.3 Frequency-Averaged Gaunt Factor 95(1) 10.4 Free-Free Absorption 95(1) 10.5 Emission Measure 96(1) 10.6 Free-Bound Transitions: Recombination Continuum 97(1) 10.7 Radio Recombination Lines 97(4) 11 Propagation of Radio Waves through the ISM 101(18) 11.1 Dispersion Relation for Cold Plasmas 101(1) 11.2 Dispersion 102(3) 11.3 Faraday Rotation 105(4) 11.4 Refraction 109(2) 11.5 Scintillation 111(2) 11.6 Interstellar Electron Density Power Spectrum 113(3) 11.7 Extreme Scattering Events 116(3) 12 Interstellar Radiation Fields 119(8) 12.1 Galactic Synchrotron Radiation 119(1) 12.2 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 120(1) 12.3 Free-Free Emission and Recombination Continuum 121(1) 12.4 Infrared Emission from Dust 121(2) 12.5 Starlight in an HI Region 123(2) 12.6 X Rays from Hot Plasma 125(1) 12.7 Radiation Field in a Photodissociation Region near a Hot Star 125(2) 13 Ionization Processes 127(10) 13.1 Photoionization 128(3) 13.2 Auger Ionization and X-Ray Fluorescence 131(1) 13.3 Secondary Ionizations 132(2) 13.4 Collisional Ionization 134(1) 13.5 Cosmic Ray Ionization 134(3) 14 Recombination of Ions with Electrons 137(25) 14.1 Radiative Recombination 137(1) 14.2 Radiative Recombination of Hydrogen 138(8) 14.3 Radiative Recombination: Helium 146(4) 14.4 Radiative Recombination: Heavy Elements 150(1) 14.5 Dielectronic Recombination 151(2) 14.6 Dissociative Recombination 153(1) 14.7 Charge Exchange 154(3) 14.8 Ion Neutralization by Dust Grains 157(2) 14.9 Ionization Balance in Collisionally Ionized Gas 159(3) 15 Photoionized Gas 162(20) 15.1 H II Regions as Stromgren Spheres 162(3) 15.2 Time Scales 165(1) 15.3 Neutral Fraction within an H II Region 166(1) 15.4 Dusty H II Regions with Radiation Pressure 167(5) 15.5 Ionization of Helium and Other Elements 172(3) 15.6 Planetary Nebulae 175(1) 15.7 Escape of Lyman α 176(4) 15.8 Ionization by Power-Law Spectra 180(2) 16 Ionization in Predominantly Neutral Regions 182(8) 16.1 H I Regions: Ionization of Metals 182(2) 16.2 Cool H I Regions: Ionization of Hydrogen 184(1) 16.3 Warm H I Regions 185(1) 16.4 Diffuse Molecular Gas 186(2) 16.5 Dense Molecular Gas: Dark Clouds 188(2) 17 Collisional Excitation 190(13) 17.1 Two-Level Atom 190(1) 17.2 Critical Density nerit, u 191(1) 17.3 Example: HI Spin Temperature 192(3) 17.4 Example: CII Fine Structure Excitation 195(2) 17.5 Three-Level Atom 197(1) 17.6 Example: Fine Structure Excitation of CI and OI 198(1) 17.7 Measurement of Density and Pressure Using CI 198(5) 18 Nebular Diagnostics 203(16) 18.1 Temperature Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines 204(5) 18.2 Density Diagnostics: Collisionally Excited Optical/UV Lines 209(1) 18.3 Density Diagnostics: Fine-Structure Emission Lines 210(2) 18.4 Other Diagnostic Methods 212(2) 18.5 Abundance Determination from Collisionally Excited Lines 214(1) 18.6 Abundances from Optical Recombination Lines 215(1) 18.7 Ionization/Excitation Diagnostics: The BPT Diagram 215(4) 19 Radiative Trapping 219(10) 19.1 Escape Probability Approximation 219(2) 19.2 Homogeneous Static Spherical Cloud 221(1) 19.3 Example: CO J =I-O 222(2) 19.4 LVG Approximation: Hubble Flow 224(1) 19.5 Escape Probability for Turbulent Clouds 225(2) 19.6 CO I-O Emission as a Tracer of H2 Mass: CO "X-Factor" 227(2) 20 Optical Pumping 229(6) 20.1 UV Pumping by Continuum.
Starlight, Cosmic Rays, X Rays, and MHD Waves 337(1) 30.2 Photoelectric Heating by Dust 338(1) 30.3 Cooling: [C II] 158 μm, [OI] 63 μm, and Other Lines 339(2) 30.4 Two "Phases" for HI in the ISM 341(2) 30.5 Emission Spectrum of an HI Cloud 343(1) 31 Molecular Hydrogen 344(13) 31.1 Gas-Phase Formation of H2 344(1) 31.2 Grain Catalysis of H2 345(1) 31.3 Photodissociation of H2 346(2) 31.4 Self-Shielding 348(1) 31.5 Excitation of Vibration and Rotation by UV Pumping 349(1) 31.6 Rotational Level Populations 350(2) 31.7 Structure of a Photodissociation Region 352(4) 31.8 Dense PDRs 356(1) 32 Molecular Clouds: Observations 357(16) 32.1 Taxonomy and Astronomy 357(5) 32.2 Star Counts 362(1) 32.3 Molecular Radio Lines 362(1) 32.4 FIR Emission from Dust 363(1) 32.5 γ rays 364(1) 32.6 Compact, Ultracompact, and Hypercompact HII Regions 365(1) 32.7 IR Point Sources 366(1) 32.8 Masers 366(1) 32.9 Size-Linewidth Relation in Molecular Clouds 366(3) 32.10 Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds 369(2) 32.11 Energy Dissipation in Molecular Clouds 371(2) 33 Molecular Clouds: Chemistry and Ionization 373(8) 33.1 Photoionization and Photodissociation of Molecules 375(1) 33.2 Ion-Molecule Chemistry in Cold Gas 376(3) 33.3 The CH+ Problem 379(2) 34 Physical Processes in Hot Gas 381(8) 34.1 Radiative Cooling 381(3) 34.2 Radiative Cooling Time 384(1) 34.3 Thermal Conduction 385(1) 34.4 Cloud Evaporation in Hot Gas 386(1) 34.5 Conduction Fronts 387(2) 35 Fluid Dynamics 389(8) 35.1 Mass Conservation 389(1) 35.2 Conservation of Momentum: MHD Navier-Stokes Equation 390(2) 35.3 Heating and Cooling 392(1) 35.4 Electrodynamics in a Conducting Fluid: Flux-Freezing 393(2) 35.5 Virial Theorem 395(2) 36 Shock Waves 397(15) 36.1 Sources of Interstellar Shocks 397(1) 36.2 Jump Conditions: Rankine-Hugoniot Relations 398(6) 36.3 Cooling Time and Cooling Length 404(1) 36.4 Collisionless Shocks 404(2) 36.5 Electron Temperature 406(1) 36.6 Two-Fluid MHD Shocks in Low Fractional Ionization Gas 406(6) 37 Ionization/Dissociation Fronts 412(10) 37.1 Ionization Fronts: R-Type and D-Type 412(4) 37.2 Expansion of an HII Region in a Uniform Medium 416(3) 37.3 Photodissociation Fronts 419(3) 38 Stellar Winds 422(7) 38.1 Winds from Hot Stars: Stellar Wind Bubbles 422(4) 38.2 Winds from Cool Stars 426(1) 38.3 Stellar Wind Bow-Shock 427(2) 39 Effects of Supernovae on the ISM 429(11) 39.1 Evolution of a Supernova Remnant in a Uniform ISM 429(6) 39.2 Overlapping of SNRs 435(1) 39.3 Supernova Remnants in an Inhomogeneous Medium 436(1) 39.4 Three-Phase Model of the ISM 437(3) 40 Cosmic Rays and.
229(2) 20.2 Infrared Pumping: OH 231(1) 20.3 UV Pumping by Line Coincidence: Bowen Fluorescence 232(3) 21 Interstellar Dust: Observed Properties 235(13) 21.1 Interstellar Extinction 236(3) 21.2 Parametric Fits to the Extinction Curve 239(1) 21.3 Polarization by Interstellar Dust 240(2) 21.4 Scattering of Starlight by Interstellar Dust 242(1) 21.5 Size Distribution of Interstellar Dust 243(1) 21.6 Purcell Limit: Lower Limit on Dust Volume 243(3) 21.7 Infrared Emission 246(1) 21.8 Luminescence 247(1) 22 Scattering and Absorption by Small Particles 248(15) 22.1 Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors 248(1) 22.2 Dielectric Function and Refractive Index 249(2) 22.3 Electric Dipole Limit: Size <λ 251(1) 22.4 Limiting Behavior at Long Wavelengths 252(1) 22.5 Sizes Comparable to Wavelength: Mie Theory 253(3) 22.6 Nonspherical Particles 256(2) 22.7 Interstellar Grains 258(5) 23 Composition of Interstellar Dust 263(22) 23.1 Abundance Constraints 263(3) 23.2 Presolar Grains in Meteorites 266(1) 23.3 Observed Spectral Features of Dust 267(4) 23.4 Silicates 271(3) 23.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 274(3) 23.6 Graphite 277(1) 23.7 Diamond 278(1) 23.8 Amorphous Carbons, Including Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon 278(1) 23.9 Fullerenes 278(1) 23.10 Models for Interstellar Dust 279(6) 24 Temperatures of Interstellar Grains 285(11) 24.1 Heating and Cooling of "Classical" Dust Grains 285(5) 24.2 Heating and Cooling of Ultrasmall Dust Grains: Temperature Spikes 290(3) 24.3 Infrared Emission from Grains 293(2) 24.4 Collisionally Heated Dust 295(1) 25 Grain Physics: Charging and Sputtering 296(8) 25.1 Collisional Charging 296(1) 25.2 Photoelectric Emission 297(2) 25.3 Grain Charging in the Diffuse ISM 299(1) 25.4 Secondary Electron Emission 299(2) 25.5 Electron Field Emission 301(1) 25.6 Ion Field Emission and Coulomb Explosions 302(1) 25.7 Sputtering in Hot Gas 302(2) 26 Grain Dynamics 304(11) 26.1 Translational Motion 304(3) 26.2 Rotational Motion 307(3) 26.3 Alignment of Interstellar Dust 310(5) 27 Heating and Cooling of H II Regions 315(11) 27.1 Heating by Photoionization 315(2) 27.2 Other Heating Processes 317(2) 27.3 Cooling Processes 319(3) 27.4 Thermal Equilibrium 322(2) 27.5 Emission Spectrum of an H II Region 324(1) 27.6 Observed Temperatures in H II Regions 325(1) 28 The Orion H II Region 326(5) 28.1 Trapezium Stars 326(1) 28.2 Distribution of Ionized Gas 327(1) 28.3 Orion Bar 328(1) 28.4 Gas Kinematics 328(2) 28.5 PIGS, Proplyds, and Shadows 330(1) 29 H I Clouds: Observations 331(6) 29.1 21-cm Line Observations 331(1) 29.2 Distribution of the H I 332(1) 29.3 Zeeman Effect 333(2) 29.4 Optical and UV Absorption Line Studies 335(1) 29.5 Infrared Emission 335(2) 30 H I Clouds: Heating and Cooling 337(7) 30.1 Heating.
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ISBN
9780691122137 ((hardback ; : alk. paper))
069112213X ((hardback ; : alk. paper))
9780691122144 ((pbk. ; : alk. paper))
0691122148 ((pbk. ; : alk. paper))
LCCN
2010028285
OCLC
649926225
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Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium / Bruce T. Draine.
id
99125346639206421
Physics of the interstellar and intergalactic medium / Bruce T. Draine.
id
99112044193506421